1. Conceptualization: This stage characterizes the planned nature of speech. The speaker determines the direction and purpose of the discourse and self-monitors the dialogue to ensure it aligns with set objectives.

2. Formulation: This involves relying on the target language to structure utterances, adhering to its rules while avoiding interference from one's first language (L1).

3. Articulation: The physical production of speech using organs such as the lips and tongue. Mastery of motor skills is crucial for clear articulation.

4. Self-Monitoring: The speaker continuously identifies and corrects errors, either before or after the speech is produced. Self-monitoring can occur in real time (“online”) or upon reflection post-utterance.