1. Conceptualisation: This term is used to charactize the planned nature of speech. It is the process by which a speaker plans the direction and purpose of the discourse and it is used as a mechanism with which to self-monitor the success of the dialogue as according to the speaker's objectives.

2. Formulation: This is the process through which the speaker relies on knowledge of the target language in order to string together the speech, paying close attention to rules that govern all levels of speech in that language while avoiding interference from the rules that govern the L1.

3. Articulation: This is the physical process of using speech organs to produce the speech (lips, tongue, etc) and which motor skills and control are required to accomplish this.

4. Self-Monitoring: Finally, self-monitoring is the ongoing process by which speakers recognize and or correct speech errors. This could happen either internally before the speech comes out (through use of and reference to the above three processes; this can be called online, meaning that it happens while the speaker is speaking) or after the error has been made out loud.